Essay for collection entitled
THE GENIUS OF LANGUAGE
Pantheon Books
Version of March, 2003
Growing up bi-lingual meant growing up with two cultures, two opposing identities. The Greek language was, in the first case, the language of politics, meaning the speeches of my father and grandfather. “Greece to the Greeks,” my father cried out in the mid-nineteen-sixties while, in my grandfather’s more apophthegmatic or, in today’s parlance, sound-bite Greek, “The King reigns but the people rule.”
Greek then was their language and they had a famously firm hold on it. Theirs was the language of the humble men who gathered inside our kitchen during campaigns, of modern Athenians with razor-thin ties and dark suits, of women in black with absurdly thick fingers, much thicker and stronger than my mother’s or my half-Polish grandmother’s. These women believed it was their god-given birthright to stretch what little of my flesh they could grab hold of.
Yet it was my mother’s language – Margaret Esther Chant from Elmhurst, Chicago – that ultimately won my heart. When we moved to Greece from Berkeley in the early sixties so my father could enter politics, English automatically became my refuge, a way to protect my embryonic identity. In Richard the Second, Thomas Mowbray reacts to his banishment from England: “Within my mouth you have enjailed my tongue”, he says, which is “so deep a maim.” Of course my tongue was not fully imprisoned, since along with an ample supply of books, English was the in-house language.
To this identity I clung tenaciously, chiefly through books. From the British books available in Greece I learned to say “bloody ‘ell” and “Blimey!” (which I was sure derived from a British rendition of Blame Me!) and dreamt about scones and cream and tea at five. American comic-books provided me with the proper expressions when beating up my younger brother Andy. My less than Homeric blows to his small chest were accompanied by rapturous cries of “zap!”, “pow!” and, for the execution, “kablooey!” I was always delighted to discover new words – especially slang. When an American teenager asked me where the toilet was so he could “take a leak,” I was bowled over. I imagined our bodies to be like badly built ships from which water leaked out. When an American family moved in next door – I learned later the father helped put mine in jail – I learned that “man” could be thrown into a sentence just about anywhere, and that “cool” meant, well cool, man.
Yet Greek was all around. The language brought with it all the attendant cultural sidebars – priests grilled alive by Turks, women who jumped off cliffs rather than be taken by the enemy, and the Bridge of Arta, which reminded me of the story of Sisyphus: the bridge would be fixed in the day but would collapse at night, and so a virgin was built into the bridge and this successfully reversed the trend. There was also the story of the World War Two collaborator who chopped and then sold partisans’ heads to the Germans like cabbage. When the war was over the man was caught, sliced lightly all over his skin with razor blades, then buried in a sand dune in Thessaly.
I couldn’t wait to tell my friends “back home” about the lamb we had for a pet, about the sheer steepness of the Isthmus of Corinth, about the shark I saw hanging by a hook on the island of Hydra, about the taste of souvlaki with pita and the caterpillars that hung in white sacks from the branches of pine trees. It took me a few years to realize we weren’t going back to Berkeley and that there really weren’t any friends “on the other side.” That realization however did little to lessen my need to tell someone about everything that was different in Greece. It took me years to realize that the perspective of those non-existent friends living in the States was in fact my own.
But I was most impressed by the enormous crowds that came to listen to my father and my grandfather and through which I learned and imitated a rhetorical speech-making Greek. “Greece of Christian Greeks catholically protestant,” my grandfather hurled at the dictators under house arrest. Even then, at the age of eleven, I marveled at how he squeezed three religions into one, active phrase. Other sayings of his joined the pantheon of national tradition: Many a people has deposed a king; never has a king deposed the people, or All freedoms are allowed save one: the freedom to banish freedom. The rhetorical expertise of both men added pressure on me to speak Greek better than the average, a pressure so daunting that, I now realize, I soon abandoned the effort and threw myself squarely into the camp of the possible.
I remember selecting from my parent’s library the thickest book I could find, presumably because the thickest book would provide me the greatest protection, which is how I ended up reading, at the age of nine, the sorry life of an architect written by someone with an unpronounceable first name, (Ayn Rand’s Fountainhead), but quickly strayed into the adventures of Biggles and the Blyton’s Secret Five, the Hardy Boys and every single Drew Sisters book I could secure from sister, Gayle-Sophia. I refused to call her Sophia and persisted in her nicely American Gayle, after the actress Gayle Storm that my parents had apparently taken a liking to in the fifties she was born. The rest of us had solidly Greek names, Nick, Andy, George.
It was my godfather, also a George, who got me thinking more about language. Why is a spoon called a spoon, he asked. That’s silly, I recall answering, because it’s a spoon! And that’s a fork, so it’s called a fork! I hadn’t yet realized that he was a fan of Magritte’s. I liked my godfather because he looked precisely the way a godfather should look: three-piece suits, a smart tie, a hat, a cane, a well-trimmed mustache, with an distinct air of aristocracy. Do you know what your name means? he asked me when we sat in the dining room in our home in Paleo Psychiko.
“My name means… well it means Nick!”
“But in it’s full version, he offered, what does it really mean?”
“You mean Nicholas?”
“Two words in there. Can you see them?”
“No.”
“Nike and Laos, victor of the people.”
“Cow!” (I didn’t know the whole expression yet). So Greek words really did have secrets!
I was off. I easily pried apart brother George’s first name: Geo for earth and “Orgy” for the verb plough – though I had to look orgy up. George was no more nor less than a farmer. Little Andy with his blonde hair and the black tuft sprouting out from the crown who actually spoke only Greek had a name that meant simply Man, like Oriana Fallaci’s book Un Uomo, about her Greek lover. Sophia however didn’t have a synthetic name and hers meant simply “wisdom.” Names like hers were less fun because there was no puzzle, no secret.
The baker’s wife – Euphony – was fair game. When my sister once came home with a loaf of bread I shouted: “You phony! I bet you didn’t buy it from Mrs.Good-Sound!” Alexander meant literally Man-Repellent. Thinking I was ahead of the game, I challenged my mother (who was having a harder time with Greek than I was) by demanding she tell me a word I didn’t know, in any language, that. She threw out an easy one at first — “sludge” I think it was, which I preceded to answer, then came a far more difficult one which I still remember to this day, amazed she knew such a long word. It was the word “eleemosynary.” I admitted defeat. Look it up, she advised. I discovered, to my delight, it had a Greek root – eleimosini, meaning the quality of being charitable or charitableness.
I began to look for English words which were in fact Greek – except that you would never think they were. I made a list of such words: For example the word Cemetery, (kimitirio) simply meant a sleeping place. The word Police, familiar the world over, derived from the word polis. The word zone or “area” was the Greek word for what we wore around our waist – a belt. My all-time favorite is a word you’d never think was Greek: disaster, meaning a bad alignment of the stars.
I started to drive the family nuts by finding words that either sounded awful or made a lot of noise when you said them loudly, since I had now become the most word-infected family member:
Dad stop making all that cacophony!
Mom, that souvlaki’s really gonna hurt my esophagus!
I can’t concentrate with all the sussurus from your newspaper!
Dad sometimes you are a pompous pop!
For a brash statement like that I could get popped myself, since my father, especially on his return from America was growing less and less beholden to American child psychologists and had reverted more and more to the traditional forms of control — Ottoman law – as we called it, applied sporadically but effectively with the help of a zoni (belt) to our behinds.
Once I had worked on first names (Cleanthes – bouquet, Calliope – Beautful-faced) there appeared a whole new treasure where I least expected it: Greek surnames. With my sister, we would translate surnames to see how dumb they sounded in English: Mister Kalovelonis was Mister Goodneedle, while Mister Kalambokis was his Royal Highness Mister Corn. Our all-time favorites were the derogatory surnames like Mrs Low-Butt and Mrs Fat-butt, the famous Buttley sisters, like my mother’s high-school heroines, the Andrew Sisters. (Or is that Andrews with an ess?)
The last name of one of my father’s deputies made no sense but was certainly fun to say, if you could spit it out without stuttering: Papapanayotou. Three pa’s in a row: try them apples on for size. Our surname, with it’s double papa (our great grandfather was a priest hence the Papa) was nothing compared to Mister Papapanayotou. My gleeful rendition of his name each day caused it to be repeated by nearly all the household for no real reason. “Oh dear Mister Papapanayotou,” my mother would exclaim for no reason.
When he showed up one night, my father made a big thing of introducing him to me, then did me the awesome favor of actually adding yet another “pah” to the train. For days I savored the delightful extra – Papa -pa!-panayotou. I don’t think the owner of the surname thought twice about this delicious distortion, but I treasured it for weeks and kept seeing my father’s slight grin as he machine-gunned the whole thing into the hallway – specifically for my pleasure. In a way I was being acknowledged as the family’s linguist.
During the dictatorship (1967-1974), with father in jail, we called on our American side of the family to visit us. One such member was a medal-studded Lieutenant-Colonel who had just returned from service in Vietnam. Walking around Athens with all six-foot five of him, in full military decoration, ignoring curfew, we were able finally to stand outside Averoff prison on Alexandras’ street where my father was being held. This was not only a thrill, a small act of revenge, but reinforced the sense that that distant country of English-speakers offered more protection than this one.
We moved to Sweden in 1968 – after my father, with the help of President Johnson who was quoted as saying, in full Texan drawl – “let that dam sunuvabitch out” – was amnestied by the dictators. That’s where I dipped briefly but excitedly into the Englishness of that language. For a twelve-year old loosed on Stockholm, besides the blatant and unheard of pix of full-breasted vix which hung on just about every newsstand in the city, I was transfixed by certain words, like those for Entrance and Exit – the blatancy of the infart and utfart strewn all over the place. Yet my favorite from that short sojourn (one dark winter) I quickly rooted out. Adolescence is nothing if not the delight of the scatological (Greek for “study of excrement” as opposed to eschatological, the theology of death or endings). The word for constipation in Swedish was ferstoppning, which meant exactly what it said, thank you.
We ended up in Canada in the last year of the decade, under the good graces of the then Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, who offered political asylum to my father if he wouldn’t overdo his criticism of America – a restraint my father was unable to follow.
Strangely enough, or perhaps not so strangely, my real home, the one I thought as my real home was for many years the country of Canada. And Canadians – well they spoke pretty much like we did but to my great delight, not exactly. When I played basketball the referee might shout “Eeyoot of Boonds!” for “Out of Bounds!” Objects were “yea high,” highways had “soft shoulders,” and a decent-sized snowplow weighed “two ton” without the pluralizing ess. You could talk like you were a hardware employee showing a customer the goods and get away with it: “Well there, you’ve got your Phillips Screw and your five inch dead bolt…” The wonderful possessive your gave you instant ownership over all such male objects. There was also a machine called a “snowblower” which besides snow, would churn out pebbles, animals and, in at least one James Bond film, a couple of bad humans. Snowmobiles raced across the snow at night in the vast white space – an upgraded version of Dr Zhivago.
Going to school in rural Ontario I learned that the business end of a scythe was called a snath, that Viceroy butterflies look like Monarchs but don’t have the same flight pattern and that Lord Strathcona drove the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway on November 7, 1885. Swamps were called muskegs, a frozen pond thundered when you walked on it, trapped air bubbles looked like crystal balls, a hockey puck traveled up to a hundred miles an hour, a solid slapshot was as satisfying as any slam dunk, and contrary to popular wisdom, when it got really cold it didn’t snow.
Driving along Route 13 in King City one cold afternoon, we passed the small kimitirio with its snow-laden crosses sticking up like frozen spinning jacks. I turned to my mother. “Mom, when I die, this is where I want to be buried.” Not in Berkeley, not in Greece, not in Sweden but here, in King City, Ontario. I had never seen her cry before because of something I said.
It was in Canada I first heard a third but instantly recognizable language, one which I sort of knew without ever having learned it. It was the language of the English spoken by first-generation Greeks, what the community of bi-culturals like me now informally calls Gringlish.
Gringlish usually takes English verbs or even nouns and pops them directly into the sentence: Will you park the car becomes, in Gringlish, “Tha kanis park to caro?” How many blocks away do you live becomes “Posa blockya makria?”
I dislike the word Gringlish because it sounds like a combination of two evil heroes– Grendel and the Grinch. I prefer a word of my own invention, which is perhaps derogatory but more to the point: Dinerese. In the Greek diners across Route One along the East Coast, in Chicago or in Florida, beginning with perhaps the most famous Greek eatery in Astoria, the Neptune Diner, (nested neatly beneath the Triboro Bridge), you can still hear this language.
“The Greek people,” a phrase much liked and much used by my father, in Dinerese becomes “the Greek peep.” Greeks love the peep. Peeps of the world unite. Long live the peep. Fast-speaking Greeks dismiss the distance between words. Like a hut kupukuffee? No, you sumunabeets? (son of a…)
My favorite interchange occurred while in college, when a Greek-Greek who had learned English only from his law books and who worked part-time at a Greek pizza place in New Haven encountered a true-blood American. The conversation went something like this, best as I can recall:
Ordered a double cheese ‘zah, half-pep, half anch.
I am sorry. What was that?’
Half-pep half-anch, man. The full spread.
I’m sorry. I don’t speak colloquial
You don’t speak what?
Slang. That’s it. I don’t speak slang.
Who’s speaking slang? I’m speaking English.
Do you mock me, sir? Do you deride me?
C’mon man! I just want my ‘zah!
You think you’re in your home you can talk like this?
Man this ain’t no home, this is Athenian effing Pizza last time I looked. Which planet you from?
Planet is the ancient Greek word for wanderer, sir. I know precisely my origins sir, from Arta, in Western Greece, sir, where they once built the bridge.
Sheesh! Get back on that ship and return to wherever…!
Strangely enough, the Greek I had learned as a kid in the “home” country, was a passport into restaurants, brought sudden connections in with others who’s surnames began with Papa or ended with opoulos, and afforded me instant, no-questions-asked entry into a distinctly raunchy world of night-clubs owned or run by Greeks, places called Mykonos, Zorba’s, or Towson Pizza. Wherever I traveled in America, I was sure to pop into a Greek restaurant or diner where I take temporary refuge from the strangeness of the world.
The burden of the Greek language continued to weigh on me even during my college years. I was now called upon to represent my father who was climbing the steps to the palace of power as chief opposition leader back in Greece, hell-bent on bringing “change.” At caucuses and fund-raisers in hard-core Greek-American communities I would blithely reel off the party’s triple objectives: “National Independence,” “Popular Rule”, and “Socialist Transformation.”
One particular location to which I was obliged to return to time and again was Crystal Palace in Astoria, Queens. The Crystal Palace was the prime location for thousands of Greek-American events over the past two to three decades: political rallies, wedding receptions, dances, baptisms, a Coppolian ethnic-American setting of sheer kitsch. Much later I realized that there once existed a real Crystal Palace, built over a hundred and fifty years ago in England, “the crystal edifice that can never be destroyed” as Dostoyevsky puts in the Underground Man. Though I am no longer enmeshed in that particular strain of ethnic America called Astoria (and though Astoria has now lost much of its Greekness), back then I culled a small bit of satisfaction from my secret knowledge of this indirect link to the Russian writer.
.***
By the age of twenty-nine I acquired yet another language. A Ph.D. in economics taught me everything there was to know about transcendental logarithmic cost functions, variance covariance matrices and three stage least squares estimators. Except for my first years in Greece, I hadn’t really spent much there, besides summers and election campaigns. With studies completed my deferment expired and in the mid eighties I returned for my military service, exactly a week after defending my doctorate in one of those movie-perfect ivy league campuses. I could have relied on my American citizenship to avoid military service altogether, but such an act would have been highly unpatriotic and second, I actually liked the idea of wearing a uniform and carrying a gun and not reading yet another economics article. There was also this: I imagined bumping into an officer who had arrested my father the night of the coup, the same one who had pointed a machine gun at my face. The thought excited me. I am sorry to report that such a meeting never occurred and that the extreme right-wing officers saluted me as I did them. There was also the added weight that my father was not only prime minister, but minister of defense. Their former enemy was no their boss.
That’s how I found myself on the island of Lemnos, in Northern Greece, inducted into the Greek Air Force. The island, the home of Poseidon, was honed of jagged volcanic rock that jutted up into the sky like broken teeth. The old women living inland looked like ghosts from the medieval age and would draw their when strangers like me passed by. Lobster, perch, bream and octopus were as plentiful as fresh bread and olive oil, and just as cheap. Thanks to Melina Mercouri, Minister of Culture, the old Venetian castle in the main town was lit up at night and from the tiny window of my barracks, it seemed to float in the sky like a fantastical spaceship.
The barracks themselves were full of raw eighteen year olds who spoke with distinct regional accents. I immediately felt like an intruder, a jokester, a false twin who would soon be discovered to be an American pretending to be the Prime Minister’s son. As the son of the highly nationalistic leader, I was supposed to be the automatic expert on all matters Greek, to know the Heroes of the Revolution, to know which minister served what post and what year, and worst of all, to make no grammatical mistakes on all the documents for which, as chief accountant for the base, I was now responsible.
Yet for all the pressure, there was one tremendous benefit for a word-infected person like me: Army slang. Greek army slang. “With someone else’s ass it’s easy to pretend your gay,” I heard one soldier say after the commander ordered him to clean the latrines for a second time. Another soldier who stubbed his toe shouted in the middle of the night: “Screw the donkey that ate Christ’s palm fronds on the road to Nazareth!” If you dropped your rifle you would most likely think of God and shout “Screw the Virgin Mary’s Ear!” This was a reference to Immaculate Conception. I recalled hearing somewhere that certain Fathers of the Church once held that such a conception had occurred via the good Mary’s auricular orifice.
Not that the soldiers had no sense of their ancient heritage. For the changing of the guard our passwords were as follows:
Halt! Who goes!
Hercules!
Achilles!
Patroclus!
These were things the Turks, the enemy about fifty kilometers away, were supposed to have no idea about and would never answer properly.
My greatest fear at the time was to be called up in front of the thousand or so soldiers before lights out to recite the Lord’s Prayer. Because of all the back and forth between countries, I had missed the teaching of it in either language and for the life of me couldn’t remember it. Each night, standing in line with the rest of the soldiers, the commander would call out a name at random and ask the specified “grunt” to come recite the prayer. While waiting for the name to be called, I would try to remember the prayer, filling in the empty Greek parts with what I remembered in English, then translating it back into Greek. But this was a puzzle not done under pressure, next to a thousand breathing bodies. Fortunately the stars were not once in disorder. My name was never called.
***
All this was a rich linguistic pillow in which to sleep at night. When I finally decided to write, in English of course, I realized that the friction of the two languages which had caused my such anxiety had great value. I could convert the trivial cliché of one language into the metaphorically rich of the other. A clever person is an “eagle’s talon,” a tall man is a “Cypress-lad,” a piano is “tooth-mattress,” the earth is an “ant-sphere,” a boy’s erect penis is a “fakir’s flute.” “Never scowl at the lowest steps,” a saying goes, “since you need them to get to the palace.”
I discovered rhyming couplets from the island of Crete which I tried to translate:
Others shrivel up from the times, the wars and years
but me, I shrivel up with the pains and the fears.
The wind beats my clothes and the sun eats my knives
and a small little love eats up my insides
There was gold then in them thar hills. “I can hear the smell,” a village woman once told me when the wind brought with it bits of the sea. I was shocked by the confounding of the senses. She had just expressed what philosophers call “synaesthesia”, where one sense “leaks into” the other. (Ah, there’s that unexpected four letter word coming back at me). I came across a more literary example of a synesthete in Nabokov’s autobiography Speak Memory in which he tells of seeing colors when he hears the alphabet pronounced – a trait he refers to as “colored hearing” oraudition colorée in French which, I guess, sounds more sophisticated.
***
My Greek grandmother, Sophia Mineiko Papandreou, half-Greek and half-Polish, offered me a name of someone she once knew, a little girl named Eulaliah. The prefix ef, meaning good, is joined with the word lalia, meaning speech. It sounded the name of a Faulkner character. I did actually meet a Eulalia, on the island of Syros, with its Catholic and Orthodox churches competing for space in the crowded architecture of the city. I was presenting my first book A Crowded Heart, written in English but translated into Greek. A white-haired actor who was known for his Oedipus had been chosen to read a section from my book. His training caused him to shout paragraphs at the top of his voice, drag vowels, exaggerate questions, accentuate the full stops with anger, and turn a lowly bit of dialogue into high drama. Once the applause subsided, an applause which rivaled his efforts, he took a seat next to me. While others continued to speak about my book – the mayor, a deputy from my father’s party, a high-school teacher with two books of poetry under his belt, and god knows how many others, he struck up a loud conversation with me – as if we weren’t sitting in full view of the public. I kept hunching down in the hope that this obvious body language would induce him to lower his voice but to no avail. Suddenly he squeezed my thigh excitedly. “See that girl there, over there, with the dark hair and those eyes? You see her? She once had a speech impediment but I corrected it with four years of lessons in orthophony(proper enunciation). Take one guess what her name is.” That’s how I met the only Eulaliah I have ever known. I even got the chance to sign her name in my book – which I did with a calligraphic flourish. She was indeed a tall, dark-haired beauty and she did indeed speak with perfect diction, the way a Eulaliah should, but nope I never saw her again.
Lalia in Greek means voice or language or tongue. In the Swedish the word for Speak is Tala. Tala svensk? In Danish Lalle is a drunken person’s babble. When I started to learn some Spanish I thought I heard an echo of Lalia in Habla with that la at the end of it. From a Brazilian acquaintance I heard Fala for talk. Think Parler. Or parlance.
One summer, back in Greece between college years, I visited the pine-filled island of Skiathos. A fisherman took me to his favorite beach – Lalaria. Why is it called Lalaria I asked? He had an answer – when doesn’t a Greek? “You see those rocks there?” He pointed to large round stones like ostrich eggs that formed the beach. “When the sea hits those stones they talk. La la. Close your eyes and listen.”
I think all members of my family have been partly wounded by language: Brother George, in the words of his detractors, “is our first Minister of Foreign Affairs who actually speaks a secondlanguage – Greek.” My mother doesn’t “do” television interviews because she is worried she will place a feminine pronoun to a masculine noun and this, after leading the Greek woman’s movement for decades. My sister has escaped to Canada and her little son now speaks fluent “Canadian.” For a long time, my younger brother Andreas prepared his economics classes at the university down to the last word, so that he didn’t make any grammatical mistakes. My father, burdened with the suspicion that he was too American after twenty years in the States, commanded both languages fluently. Ironically enough he was perhaps the only member who never worried that the “mistake bird” of language would sit on his shoulder.
I now treasure the full-time split. English acts as a passport into unexplored territory, the terrain of my fictional Greece, the Greece of my memory, the Greece of my childhood.